A series of highly efficient polymer-immobilized gold catalysts were prepared for the oxidative carbonylation of aniline and its derivatives to obtain carbamates and symmetric ureas in a clean, simple, solvent-free, and obtainable product-ready way.TEM showed that the average gold particle size of fresh catalyst was less than 10 nm.

★★★☆☆ Feng Shi and Youquan Deng. Journal of Catalysis 211, 548–551 (2002).

The syntheses of disubstituted ureas by carbonylation of a series of amines in the presence of a sulfate modified zirconia supported palladium catalyst was investigated at an initial total pressure of 4.0 MPa and 135°C. High conversions and yields were achieved for the synthesis of symmetric dialkylureas. This supported catalyst could also be easily separated and recovered after reaction.

★★★★☆ F. Shi et al. : Tetrahedron Letters 42 (2001) 2161–2163.

At 170 degreesC and ca. 4.0 MPa, oxidative carbonylation of aromatic amines to synthesize corresponding carbamates over a novel PdCl2/ZrO2-SO42- catalyst could proceed with high conversion and selectivity.

★★★☆☆ Feng Shi, Youquan Deng,1 Tianlong SiMa, and Hongzhou Yang. Journal of Catalysis 203, 525–528 (2001).

At 200 degreesC and 5 MPa of initial total pressure, the oxidative carbonylation of amines for the synthesis of the corresponding carbamates by Au(i) complexes as catalysts was conducted with excellent conversion and selectivity.

★★★★☆ Shi, F; Deng, YQ. Chem. Commun., 2001, 443–444.

Organic Au(I) complexes could be highly effective catalysts for the synthesis of diformamides by carbonylation of aliphatic diamines, with selectivity significantly enhanced in the presence of the appropriate amount of oxygen.

★★★★☆ Feng Shi, Youquan Deng, Hongzhou Yang and Tianlong SiMa. Chem. Commun., 2001, 345–346.